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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> 大厂在用的反爬虫手段，破了它！ </h1>
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                <p>内容选自<strong>即将出版</strong>的《Python3 反爬虫原理与绕过实战》，本次公开书稿范围为第 6 章——文本混淆反爬虫。本篇为第 6 章中的第 3 小节，第 4 小节<a href="https://juejin.im/post/5e03ef93518825125c4316c3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>字体反爬虫</strong></a>已发布，其余小节将<strong>逐步放送</strong>。</p>
                <h2 id="新书福利"><a href="#新书福利" class="headerlink" title="新书福利"></a>新书福利</h2>
                <p>真是翘首以盼！《Python3 反爬虫原理与绕过实战》一书终于要跟大家见面了！为了感谢大家对韦世东和本书的期待与支持，在新书发布时会举办多场送书活动和限时折扣活动。</p>
                <p><img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191226081009.jpg" alt="" title="null"></p>
                <p>想要与作者韦世东交流或者参加新书发布活动的朋友可以扫描二维码进群与我互动哦！</p>
                <h2 id="SVG-映射反爬虫"><a href="#SVG-映射反爬虫" class="headerlink" title="SVG 映射反爬虫"></a>SVG 映射反爬虫</h2>
                <p>SVG 是用于描述二维矢量图形的一种图形格式。它基于 XML 描述图形，对图形进行放大或缩小操作都不会影响图形质量。矢量图形的这个特点使得它被广泛应用在 Web 网站中。 接下来我们要了解的反爬虫手段正是利用 SVG 实现的，这种反爬虫手段用矢量图形代替具体的文字，不会影响用户正常阅读，但爬虫程序却无法像读取文字那样获得 SVG 图形中的内容。由于 SVG 中的图形代表的也是一个个文字，所以在使用时必须在后端或前端将真实的文字与对应的 SVG 图形进行映射和替换，这种反爬虫手段被称为 SVG 映射反爬虫。</p>
                <h3 id="6-3-1-SVG-映射反爬虫绕过实战"><a href="#6-3-1-SVG-映射反爬虫绕过实战" class="headerlink" title="6.3.1 SVG 映射反爬虫绕过实战"></a>6.3.1 SVG 映射反爬虫绕过实战</h3>
                <p>示例 6：SVG 映射反爬虫示例。 网址：<a href="http://www.porters.vip/confusion/food.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.porters.vip/confusion/food.html</a>。 任务：爬取美食商家评价网站页面中的商家联系电话、店铺地址和评分数据，页面内容如图 6-15 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225224848.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-15 示例 6 页面 在编写 Python 代码之前，我们需要确定目标数据的元素定位。在定位过程中，发现一个与以往不同的现象：有些数字在 HTML 代码中并不存在。例如口味的评分数据，其元素定位如图 6-16 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225224930.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-16 评分数据中口味分数元素定位 根据页面显示内容，HTML 代码中应该是 8.7 才对，但实际上我们看到的却是：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">span</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"item"</span>&gt;</span>口味:<span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhkjj4"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span>.7<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">span</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>HTML 代码中有数字 7 和小数点，但没有 8 这个数字，似乎数字 8 的位置被 d 标签占据。而商家电话号码处的显示就更奇怪了，一个数字都没有。商家电话对应的 HTML 代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"col more"</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">        电话：</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhkbvu"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk08k"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk08k"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">""</span>&gt;</span>-<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk84t"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk6zl"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhkqsc"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhkqsc"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk6zl"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>包含很多的 d 标签，难道它使用 d 标签进行占位，然后用元素进行覆盖吗？我们可以将 d 标签的数量和数字的数量进行对比，发现它们的数量是相同的，也就是说一对 d 标签代表一个数字。 每一对 d 标签都有 class 属性，有些 class 属性值是相同的，有些则不同。我们再将 class 属性值与数字进行对比，看一看能否找到规律，如图 6-17 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225103.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-17 class 属性值和数字的对比 从图 6-17 中可以看出，class 属性值和数字是一一对应的，如属性值 vhk08k 与数字 0 对应。根据这个线索，我们可以猜测每个数字都与一个属性值对应，对应关系如图 6-18 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225143.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-18 数字与属性值对应关系 浏览器在渲染页面的时候就会按照这个对应关系进行映射，所以页面中显示的是数字，而我们在 HTML 代码中看到的则是这些 class 属性值。浏览器在渲染时将 HTML 中的 d 标签与数字按照此关系进行映射，并将映射结果呈现在页面中。映射逻辑如图 6-19 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225239.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-19 映射逻辑 我们的爬虫代码可以按照同样的逻辑实现映射功能，在解析 HTML 代码时将 d 标签的 class 属性值取出来，然后进行映射即可得到页面中显示的数字。如何在爬虫代码中实现映射关系呢？实际上网页中使用的是“属性名数字”这种结构，Python 中内置的字典正好可以满足我们的需求。我们可以用 Python 代码测试一下，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight yaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 定义映射关系</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">mappings</span> <span class="string">=</span> <span class="string">&#123;'vhk08k':</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'vhk6zl':</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'vhk9or':</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="string">,</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attr">'vhkfln':</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'vhkbvu':</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'vhk84t':</span> <span class="number">5</span><span class="string">,</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attr">'vhkvxd':</span> <span class="number">6</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'vhkqsc':</span> <span class="number">7</span><span class="string">,</span> <span class="attr">'vhkjj4':</span> <span class="number">8</span><span class="string">,</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attr">'vhk0f1':</span> <span class="number">9</span><span class="string">&#125;</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># HTML 中得到的属性值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">html_d_class</span> <span class="string">=</span> <span class="string">'vhkvxd'</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将映射后的结果打印输出</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">print(mappings.get(html_d_class))</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这段代码的逻辑是：首先定义属性值与数字的映射关系，然后假设一个 HTML 中 d 标签的属性值，接着将这个属性值的映射结果打印出来。代码运行后得到的结果为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">6</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果说明映射这种方法是可行的。接着我们试一试将商家的联系电话映射出来：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 定义映射关系</span></span><br><span class="line">mappings = &#123;<span class="string">'vhk08k'</span>: 0, <span class="string">'vhk6zl'</span>: 1, <span class="string">'vhk9or'</span>: 2, </span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'vhkfln'</span>: 3, <span class="string">'vhkbvu'</span>: 4, <span class="string">'vhk84t'</span>: 5, </span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'vhkvxd'</span>: 6, <span class="string">'vhkqsc'</span>: 7, <span class="string">'vhkjj4'</span>: 8, </span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'vhk0f1'</span>: 9&#125; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 商家联系电话 class 属性</span></span><br><span class="line">html_d_class = [<span class="string">'vhkbvu'</span>, <span class="string">'vhk08k'</span>, <span class="string">'vhk08k'</span>, </span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'vhk84t'</span>, <span class="string">'vhk6zl'</span>, </span><br><span class="line">                <span class="string">'vhkqsc'</span>, <span class="string">'vhkqsc'</span>, <span class="string">'vhk6zl'</span>] </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">phone = [mappings.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(i) <span class="keyword">for</span> i <span class="keyword">in</span> html_d_class] </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 将映射后的结果打印输出</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(phone)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="number">4</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, <span class="number">0</span>, None, <span class="number">5</span>, <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">7</span>, <span class="number">1</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们使用映射的方法得到了商家联系电话，说明 SVG 映射反爬虫已经被我们绕过了。</p>
                <h3 id="6-3-2-大众点评反爬虫案例"><a href="#6-3-2-大众点评反爬虫案例" class="headerlink" title="6.3.2 大众点评反爬虫案例"></a>6.3.2 大众点评反爬虫案例</h3>
                <p>这种映射手段不仅仅出现在本书的示例中，在大型网站中也有应用。大众点评是中国领先的本地生活信息及交易平台，也是全球最早建立的独立第三方消费点评网站。大众点评不仅为用户提供商户信息、消费点评及消费优惠等信息服务，同时提供团购、餐厅预订、外卖和电子会员卡等 O2O（Online To Offline）交易服务。大众点评网站也使用了映射型反爬虫手段，打开浏览器并访问 <a href="https://www.dianping.com/shop/14741057，页面如图" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.dianping.com/shop/14741057，页面如图</a> 6-20 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225522.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-20 大众点评商家信息页 大众点评的商家信息页主要用于展示消费者对商家的各项评分、商家电话、店铺地址和推荐菜品等。我们可以看一看商家电话或评分的 HTML 代码，如图 6-21 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225608.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-21 商家电话 HTML 代码 大众点评中的商家号码并不是全部使用 d 标签代替，其中有部分使用了数字。但是仔细观察一下就可以发现商家号码的数量等于 d 标签数量加上数字的数量，说明 d 标签的 class 属性值与数字也有可能是一一对应的映射关系。感兴趣的同学可以使用示例 6 中的方法，尝试映射大众点评案例中的数字。 如果这种手段的绕过方法这么简单的话，那么它早就被淘汰了，为什么连大众点评这样的大型网站都会使用呢？我们继续往下看，大众点评的商家营业时间部分的 HTML 代码如图 6-22 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225659.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-22 大众点评商家营业时间 除了刚才的数字映射之外，大众点评还对中文进行了映射。此时如果按照示例 6 中人为地将 class 值和对应的文字进行映射的话，就非常麻烦了。试想一下，如果网页中所有的文字都使用这种映射反爬虫的手段，那么爬虫工程师要如何应对呢？对所有用到的文字进行映射吗？ 这不可能做到，其中要完成映射的包括 10 个数字、26 个英文字母和几千个常用汉字。而且目标网站一旦更改文字的对应关系，那么爬虫工程师就需要重新映射所有文字。面对这样的问题，我们必须找到文字映射规律，并且能够使用 Python 语言实现映射算法。如此一来，无论目标网站文字映射的对应关系如何变化，我们都能够使用这套映射算法得到正确的结果。 这种映射关系在网页中是如何实现的呢？是使用 JavaScript 在页面中定义数组吗？还是异步请求API 拿到 JSON 数据？这都有可能，接下来我们就去寻找答案。</p>
                <h3 id="6-3-3-SVG-反爬虫原理"><a href="#6-3-3-SVG-反爬虫原理" class="headerlink" title="6.3.3 SVG 反爬虫原理"></a>6.3.3 SVG 反爬虫原理</h3>
                <p>映射关系不可能凭空出现，一定使用了某种技术特性。HTML 中与标签 class 属性相关的只有 JavaScript 和 CSS。根据这个线索，我们需要继续对示例 6 进行分析。案例中商家电话的 HTML 代码为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">div</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"col more"</span>&gt;</span>电话：</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhkbvu"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk08k"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk08k"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">""</span>&gt;</span>-<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk84t"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk6zl"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhkqsc"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhkqsc"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">d</span> <span class="attr">class</span>=<span class="string">"vhk6zl"</span>&gt;</span><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">d</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">div</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们可以随意选择一对 d 标签，然后观察它对应的 CSS 样式有没有可以深入分析的线索，如果没有线索再看 JavaScript。 d 标签的 CSS 样式如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight css">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">d</span><span class="selector-attr">[class^=<span class="string">"vhk"</span>]</span> &#123; </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">width</span>: <span class="number">14px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">height</span>: <span class="number">30px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">margin-top</span>: -<span class="number">9px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">background-image</span>: <span class="built_in">url</span>(../font/food.svg); </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">background-repeat</span>: no-repeat; </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">display</span>: inline-block; </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">vertical-align</span>: middle; </span><br><span class="line">   <span class="attribute">margin-left</span>: -<span class="number">6px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">&#125; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-class">.vhkqsc</span> &#123; </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attribute">background</span>: -<span class="number">288.0px</span> -<span class="number">141.0px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>d 标签样式看上去没有什么特别之处，只是设置了 background 属性的坐标值。但是上方 d 标签的公共样式中设置了背景图片，我们可以复制背景图片的地址，在浏览器的新标签页中打开，d 标签背景图如图 6-23 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225857.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-23 标签背景图 d 标签的背景图中全部都是数字，这些无序的数字共有 4 行。但这好像不是一张大图片，我们查看该图片页面的源代码，内容如图 6-24 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225225953.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-24 图片页面源代码 源代码中前两行表明这是一个 SVG 文件，该文件中使用 text 标签定义文本， style 标签用于设置文本样式， text 标签定义的文本正是图片页面显示的数字。难道这些无序的数字就是我们在页面中看到的电话号码和评分数字？ 除了 class 属性值为 vhkbvu 的 d 标签，其他标签也使用了这个的 CSS 样式，但每对 d 标签的坐标定位都不同。它们的坐标定位如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight css">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-class">.vhkbvu</span> &#123; </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attribute">background</span>: -<span class="number">386px</span> -<span class="number">97px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">&#125; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-class">.vhk08k</span> &#123; </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attribute">background</span>: -<span class="number">274px</span> -<span class="number">141px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">&#125; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="selector-class">.vhk84t</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attribute">background</span>: -<span class="number">176px</span> -<span class="number">141px</span>; </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>坐标是定位数字的关键，要想知道坐标的计算方法，必须了解一些关于 SVG 的知识。 在本节开始的时候，我们简单地了解了 SVG 的概念，知道 SVG 是基于 XML 的。实际上它是用文本格式的描述性语言来描述图像内容的，因此 SVG 是一种与图像分辨率无关的矢量图形格式。打开文本编辑器，并在新建的文件中写入以下内容：</p>
                <figure class="highlight django">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="meta">&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?&gt;</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="meta">&lt;!DOCTYPE <span class="meta-keyword">svg</span> <span class="meta-keyword">PUBLIC</span> <span class="meta-string">"-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"</span> <span class="meta-string">"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/ </span></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"> DTD/svg11.dtd"&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">svg</span> <span class="attr">xmlns</span>=<span class="string">"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"</span> <span class="attr">version</span>=<span class="string">"1.1"</span> <span class="attr">xmlns:xlink</span>=<span class="string">"http://www.w3.org/ </span></span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"> 1999/xlink" width="250px" height="250.0px"&gt; </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">text</span> <span class="attr">x</span>=<span class="string">'10'</span> <span class="attr">y</span>=<span class="string">'30'</span>&gt;</span>hello,world<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">text</span>&gt;</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="xml"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">svg</span>&gt;</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>将该文件保存为 test.svg，然后使用浏览器打开 test.svg 文件，显示内容如图 6-25 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225230140.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-25 test.svg 显示内容 代码前 3 行声明文件类型，第 4 行~第 5 行定义了 SVG 内容块和画布宽高，第 6 行使用 text 标签定义了一段文本并指定了文本的坐标。这段文本就是我们在浏览器中看到的内容，而代码中的 <em>x</em> 坐标和 <em>y</em> 坐标则用于确定该文本在画布中的位置，坐标规则如下。</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>以页面的左上角为零坐标点，即坐标值为 (0, 0)。</li>
                  <li>坐标以像素为单位。</li>
                  <li><em>x</em> 轴的正方向为从左到右，<em>y</em> 轴的正方向是从上到下。</li>
                  <li><em>n</em> 个字符可以有 <em>n</em> 个位置参数。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>如果字符数量大于位置参数数量，那么没有位置参数的字符将以最后一个位置参数为零坐标点，并按原文顺序排列。 看上去并不是很好理解，我们可以通过修改代码来理解坐标轴的定义。首先是 <em>x</em> 轴， text 标签中的 <em>x</em> 代表列表字符在页面中的 <em>x</em> 轴位置，test.svg 中的 <em>x</em> 值为 10，现在我们将其设为 0 ，保存后刷新网页，页面内容如图 6-26 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225230255.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-26 <em>x</em> 为 0 时的 test.svg 显示内容 <em>x</em> 的值为 0 时，文本紧贴浏览器左侧。而 <em>x</em> 的值为 10 时，文本距离浏览器左侧有一定的距离，这说明 <em>x</em> 的值能够决定文字所在的位置。现在我们将代码中 <em>x</em> 对应的值改为“10 50 30 40 20 60”（注意这里特意将第 2个数字 20与第 5个数字互换了位置），这样做是为了设定前 6个字符的坐标位置。 此时，第 1 个字符的位置参数为 10，第 2 个字符的位置参数为 50，第 3 个字符的位置参数为 30，以此类推，页面中正常显示的文字顺序应该是：</p>
                <figure class="highlight autohotkey">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="built_in">holle,</span>world</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>但是由于我们调换了第 2 个字符和第 5 个字符的位置参数，即字母 e 和字母 o 的位置互换，如图 6-27 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225230403.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-27 设定多个 <em>x</em> 值的 svg 图 6-27 中文字顺序与我们猜测的顺序是一样的，这说明 SVG 中每个字符都可以有自己的 <em>x</em> 轴坐标值。<em>y</em> 与 <em>x</em> 同理，每个字符都可以有自己的 <em>y</em> 轴坐标值。虽然我们只设定了 6 个位置参数， svg 中的字符却有 11 个，但没有设定位置参数的字符依然能够按照原文顺序排序。在了解 SVG 基本知识之后，我们回头看一下案例中所使用的 SVG 文件中坐标参数的设定，图 6-23 中的字符与图 6-24 图片页源代码中的字符一一对应，且每个字符都设定了 <em>x</em> 轴的位置参数，而 <em>y</em> 轴则只有 1 个值。 在了解位置参数之后，我们还需要弄清楚字符定位的问题。浏览器根据 CSS 样式中设定的坐标和元素宽高来确定 SVG 中对应数字。<em>x</em> 轴的正方向为从左到右，<em>y</em> 轴的正方向是从上到下，如图 6-28 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225230507.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-28 SVG <em>x</em> 轴和 <em>y</em> 轴与位置参数的关系 而 CSS 样式中的 <em>x</em> 轴与 <em>y</em> 轴是相反的，也就是说 CSS 样式中 <em>x</em> 轴是负数向右的，<em>y</em> 轴是负数向下的，如图 6-29 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225230553.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-29 CSS <em>x</em> 轴和 <em>y</em> 轴与位置参数的关系 所以当我们需要在 CSS 中定位 SVG 中的字符位置时，需要用负数表示。我们可以通过一个例子来理解它们的关系，现在需要在 CSS 中定位图 6-30 中第 1 行的第 1 个字符的中心点。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225230642.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-30 SVG 假设字符大小为 14 px，那么 SVG 的计算规则如下。</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>字符在<em>x</em>轴中心点的计算规则为：字符大小除以2，再加字符的<em>x</em>轴起点位置参数，即14÷2+0 等于 7。</li>
                  <li>字符在 <em>y</em> 轴中心点的计算规则为：<em>y</em> 轴高度减字符 <em>y</em> 轴起点减字符大小，其值除以 2 后加上字符 <em>y</em> 轴起点位置参数，最后再加上字符大小数值的一半，即(38−0−14)÷2+0+7 等于 19。</li>
                </ul>
                <p>最后得到 SVG 的坐标为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight gml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="symbol">x</span>=<span class="string">'7'</span> <span class="symbol">y</span>=<span class="string">'19'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>CSS 样式的 <em>x</em> 轴和 <em>y</em> 轴与 SVG 是相反的，所以 CSS 样式中对该字符的定位为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">\<span class="number">-7</span>px <span class="number">-19</span>px</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样就能够定位到指定字符的中心点了。但是如果要在 HTML 页面中完整显示该字符，那么还需要为 HTML 中对应的标签设置宽高样式，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight scss">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">width</span>: <span class="number">14px</span>; </span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">height</span>: <span class="number">30px</span>;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在了解了 SVG 与 CSS 样式的关联关系后，我们就能够根据 CSS 样式映射出 SVG 中对应的字符。 在实际场景中，我们需要让程序能够自动处理 CSS 样式和 SVG 的映射关系，而不是人为地完成这些 工作。以示例 6 中的 SVG 和 CSS 样式为例，假如我们需要用 Python 代码实现自动映射功能，首先我 们就需要拿到这两个文件的 URL，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">url_css</span> = <span class="string">'http://www.porters.vip/confusion/css/food.css'</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="attr">url_svg</span> = <span class="string">'http://www.porters.vip/confusion/font/food.svg'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>还有需要映射的 HTML 标签的 class 属性值，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">css_class_name</span> = <span class="string">'vhkbvu'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>接下来使用 Requests 库向 URL 发出请求，拿到文本内容。对应代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight arduino">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests </span><br><span class="line">css_resp = requests.<span class="built_in">get</span>(url_css).<span class="built_in">text</span> </span><br><span class="line">svg_resp = requests.<span class="built_in">get</span>(url_svg).<span class="built_in">text</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>提取 CSS 样式文件中标签属性对应的坐标值，这里使用正则进行匹配即可。对应代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sas">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import re </span><br><span class="line">pile = <span class="string">'.%s&#123;background:-(d+)px-(d+)px;&#125;'</span> % css_class_name </span><br><span class="line">pattern = re.compile(pile) </span><br><span class="line">css = css_resp.<span class="meta">replace</span>(<span class="string">'n'</span>, <span class="string">''</span>).<span class="meta">replace</span>(<span class="string">' '</span>, <span class="string">''</span>) </span><br><span class="line">coord = pattern.findall(css) </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">if</span> coord: </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">x</span>, y = coord[0] </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">x</span>, y =<span class="meta"> int(</span><span class="meta">x</span>),<span class="meta"> int(</span>y)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>此时得到的坐标值是正数，可以直接用于 SVG 字符定位。定位前我们要先拿到 SVG 中所有 text 标签的 Element 对象：</p>
                <figure class="highlight oxygene">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> parsel import <span class="keyword">Selector</span> </span><br><span class="line">svg_data = <span class="keyword">Selector</span>(svg_resp) </span><br><span class="line">texts = svg_data.xpath(<span class="string">'//text'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>然后获取所有 text 标签中的 y 值，接着我们将上一步得到的 Element 对象进行循环取值即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight markdown">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">axis_y = [<span class="string">i.attrib.get('y') for i in texts if y &lt;= int(i.attrib.get('y'))</span>][<span class="symbol">0</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>得到 <em>y</em> 值后就可以开始字符定位了。要注意的是，SVG 中 text 标签的 <em>y</em> 值与 CSS 样式中得到的 <em>y</em> 值并不需要完全相等，因为样式可以随意调整，比如 CSS 样式中-90 和-92 对于 SVG 的定位来说并没有什么差别，所以我们只需要知道具体是哪一个 text 即可。 那么如何确定是哪一个 text呢？ 我们可以用排除法来确定，假如当前 CSS 样式中的 <em>y</em> 值是-97，那么在 SVG 中 text 的 <em>y</em> 值就不可能小于 97，我们只需要取到比 97 大且最相近的 text 标签 <em>y</em> 值即可。比如当前 SVG 所有 text 标签的 <em>y</em> 值为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[<span class="number">38</span>, <span class="number">83</span>, <span class="number">120</span>, <span class="number">164</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>那么大于 97 且最相近的是 120。将这个逻辑转化为代码：</p>
                <figure class="highlight markdown">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">axis_y = [<span class="string">i.attrib.get('y') for i in texts if y &lt;= int(i.attrib.get('y'))</span>][<span class="symbol">0</span>]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>得到 y 值后就可以确定具体是哪个 text 标签了。对应代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight excel">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">svg_text = svg_data.xpath('//<span class="built_in">text</span>[@y=<span class="string">"%s"</span>]/<span class="built_in">text</span>()' % axis_y).extract_first()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>接下来需要确认 SVG 中的文字大小，也就是需要找到 font-size 属性的值。对应代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">font_size</span> = re.search(<span class="string">'font-size:(d+)px'</span>, svg_resp).group(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>得到 font-size 的值后，我们就可以定位具体的字符了。<em>x</em> 轴有多少个字符呢？刚才我们拿到的 svg_text 就是指定的 text 标签中的字符：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">'<span class="number">67126078110409</span><span class="number">66630008923284</span><span class="number">40489239185923</span>'</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们需要计算字符串长度吗？并不用，我们知道，每个字符大小为 14 px，只需要将 CSS 样式中的 <em>x</em> 值除以字符大小，得到的就是该字符在字符串中的位置。除法得到的结果有可能是整数也有可能是非整数，当结果是整数是说明定位完全准确，我们利用切片特性就可以拿到字符。如果结果是非整数，就说明定位不完全准确，由于字符不可能出现一半，所以我们利用地板除（编程语言中常见的向下取整除法，返回商的整数部分。）就可以拿到整数：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">position</span> = x // int(font_size) <span class="comment"># 结果为 27</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>也就是说 CSS 样式 vhkbvu 映射的是 SVG 中第 4 行文本的第 27 个位置的值。映射结果如图 6-31 所示。 <img src="http://can.sfhfpc.com/sfhfpc/20191225231136.jpg" alt=""> 图 6-31 映射结果 然后再利用切片特性拿到字符。对应代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight fortran">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">number</span> = svg_text[<span class="keyword">position</span>] </span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="keyword">number</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>代码运行结果为 4。我们还可以尝试其他的 class 属性值，最后得到的结果与页面显示的字符都是相同的，说明这种映射算法是正确的。至此，我们已经完成了对映射型反爬虫的绕过。</p>
                <h3 id="6-3-4-小结"><a href="#6-3-4-小结" class="headerlink" title="6.3.4 小结"></a>6.3.4 小结</h3>
                <p>与 6.1 节和 6.2 节相同，本节示例所用的反爬虫手段，即使借助渲染工具也无法获得“见到”的内容。SVG 映射反爬虫利用了浏览器与编程语言在渲染方面的差异，以及 SVG 与 CSS 定位这样的前端知识。如果爬虫工程师不熟悉渲染原理和前端知识，那么这种反爬虫手段就会带来很大的困扰。 </p>
                <h3 id="转载说明"><a href="#转载说明" class="headerlink" title="转载说明"></a>转载说明</h3>
                <p>本篇内容摘自出版图书《Python3 反爬虫原理与绕过实战》，欢迎各位好友与同行转载！ 记得带上相关的版权信息哦😊。</p>
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